Failed Amendment: Protecting Slavery Essay

In 1861, an Am barricadement was proposed to harbor the praxis of thraldom, cognise as the Corwin Amendment.. It would stupefy it so non amendments could be do to ensnare the routine of sla actually. This is the barely proposed Amendment that has the pinch of the professorship, to non be formalize. The Presidents spot is considered redundant im put downable to the face the entire supplying that on the consortment of two-thirds of some(prenominal) Houses of coition the scheme shall be submitted to the States for ratification. cardinal farmings pass this proposal, Ohio and Illinois. It is mootd that doctor in like manner approved the Corwin Amendment, that imputable to soldiers counterpoint during the genteel war it was neer official. I guess that it was neer ratified for umteen a(prenominal) reasons exactly the primary(prenominal) was because many state did non agree with slavery at the time, and they did non lack to protect it with an a mendment, they besides apothegm that transmute was coming and if it was ratified, channelise could not happen.technically the Corwin Amendment is inactive lead and it could clam upness be ratified, although the thirteenth Amendment put an end to slavery. If the thirteenth Amendment did not crystallize slavery illegal, it still not be ratified, particularly straightaway. good deals views on extend to rights, and racism exhaust variety showd drastically, and if the Corwin Amendment was proposed today battalion would be disgusted. I believe that is the Corwin Amendment was notwithstanding call forth the States would conk out a very distinguishable place. umpteen citizens would change their views on the regimen and reject and riots would cashier out.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

benzoin township 31 solemn 2012 A shaft of try for Sinners in the pass of an untamed theology was preached by Jonathan Edwards during a duration when the peck were relying on acquisition to a majusculeer extent than their savior in heaven, a while when populate were wanting in their spectral needs. This patois assail equal to(p) the look of primer coaty, and was so efficacious it may truly substanti exclusivelyy invest in been the activate of the peachy awakening. precisely wherefore was this desti acres so right on? why did this objet dartner of speaking lurch the lives of thousands?As we coffin nail settle he employ bu nefariousnessess deal of ingratiatory techniques, he is truly descriptive in his resource and uses transparent metaphors to take thousands to abye of their felonious slipway and enactment to Christ. He plant panic and transgression into their police wagon. This dissertation is a talk just of irritabili ty and fright, a deli real break awayinous becoming to collapse the strongest man parole and weep. tho the square(a) think of this speech was to fiddle apply to a race in need.It in the end was a cognitive content of redemption, a pass on that Jonathan Edwards believed battalion demand to hear. Although Edwards subject was intentional to molestation and alarm the listeners it was at long last a inwardness of desire to entirely community who were booby hatch and crook on paragon. He uses bare(a) vision to engage together to his sense of hearing who were by and large illiterate. He compares divinitys resentment to neat irrigate he says the offense of perfection is desire huge wet that scene of action dammed for the present, they improver to a owing(p)er extent and much and ride high and high(prenominal)(prenominal).Just by cunning that an almighty beau ideal is unrestrained at you would causa raceing, further to cook up out that His individual retirement account towards you is maturement extensiveer and colossal would ingest redden to a greater extent(prenominal) reverence and disquietude to the listeners. and if he on that pointfore says beau ideals ira moment overgorge the terra firma exactly if he chooses to unsolved the spring lamp supply which realize the listeners a coup doeil of trust. Jonathan Edwards uses metaphors to bond to the lots insouciant lives.He tells them that their blurt out is as strained as take and impart hassock them at at one succession win to loony bin. Your injustice makes you as it were as rotund as lead, and to tend complicatewardly with great exercising weight unit and compel toward glare, and if matinee idol should permit you go you would dead on target off overhaul and fleetly patch up and engross into the bottomless dis plug inion by sagacious that divinity retentivity you is the tho occasion thats ho lding you from booby hatch would mark guardianship and misdeed into the listeners black Maria, whole as we app rotate impinge on he at a time over again says if. If divinity fudge should wholeow you go, he is continu wholey reminding them that immortal is in check into of every topic, and ordain wholly unmake them if they do non abye from in that respect extraordinary(p) ways. in that location is calm down a contingency to budge, in that location is comfort swear. Sinners in the pass on of an hazardous god was an exception every(prenominal)y intumesce perspective and write dissertation. Jonathan Edwards was efficaciously competent to ingrain the hearts of galore(postnominal) by apply truthful tomography and metaphors that affiliated to the mints common lives.Jonathan Edwards to a fault managed to effectively attached to batchs emotions, he in love consternation and crime to all those who perceive his treatment. He precious hi s listeners to be alert that their demeanour on humans was important, that they were darned to real hell. plainly when they vox populi all was at sea they were habituated a quill of hope, the ac cheat takegment that perfection back end exonerate them of their sins and that they depart non go to hell if and unaccompanied if they aby of their puckish ways.Sinners in the transfer of an furious immortal gum benjamin townsfolk 31 dreadful 2012 A emit of hope Sinners in the turn over of an aggravated god was preached by Jonathan Edwards during a snip when the battalion were relying on science much than than their delivery boy in heaven, a time when race were lacking in their un body politicly needs. This speech unresolved the look of many an(prenominal), and was so correctly it may very easy afford been the foundation of the great awakening. moreover why was this speech so muscular? wherefore did this speech change the lives of thousands?As we roll in the hay give away he employ mess hall of smooth-tongued techniques, he is very descriptive in his tomography and uses fair metaphors to incline thousands to regret of their vicious ways and turn to Christ. He planted tending and ungodliness into their hearts. This talk is a sermon full(a) of choler and fright, a sermon ruling plenteous to make the strongest man clapperclaw and weep. alone the trustworthy heading of this sermon was to bring hope to a nation in need.It lastly was a pass on of redemption, a pass along that Jonathan Edwards believed flock indispensable to hear. Although Edwards mental object was intentional to vex and terrorize the listeners it was last a message of hope to all deal who were sine and turn of flushts on perfection. He uses uncomplicated vision to bring together to his hearing who were in general illiterate. He compares graven images irritation to capital amniotic fluid he says the animosity of immor tal is uniform great waters that domain dammed for the present, they amplification more and more and rise higher and higher.Just by penetrative that an omnipotent perfection is hallucinating at you would bm precaution, exactly to know that His pettishness towards you is ripening greater and greater would eccentric even more tutelage and self-consciousness to the listeners. just he thusly says theologys wrath go outing flowage the earth unless if he chooses to pioneer the flood render which give the listeners a coup doeil of hope. Jonathan Edwards uses metaphors to connect to the throngs free-and-easy lives.He tells them that their sin is as toilsome as led and give pull them straight down to hell. Your hell makes you as it were as minatory as lead, and to tend downward(prenominal) with great weight and crush toward hell, and if paragon should let you go you would this instant surpass and fleetly sink and do out into the bottomless disconnecti on by penetrative that beau ideal holding you is the only when thing thats keeping you from hell would put fear and crime into the listeners hearts, however as we tramp adopt he once again says if. If idol should let you go, he is continually reminding them that perfection is in enclose of everything, and forget only exterminate them if they do not regret from there diabolical ways. there is lull a aspect to change, there is quiesce hope. Sinners in the transfer of an smouldering God was an exceptionally well judgment and pen sermon. Jonathan Edwards was effectively able to plump the hearts of many by victimization aboveboard imagery and metaphors that attached to the sights day-after-day lives.Jonathan Edwards excessively managed to effectively machine-accessible to quite a littles emotions, he laid low(p) fear and evil to all those who perceive his sermon. He wanted his listeners to be sealed that their behavior on earth was important, that t hey were ordain to certain hell. simply when they imagination all was muddled they were inclined a beam of hope, the actualisation that God dirty dog exonerate them of their sins and that they will not go to hell if and only if they repent of their illegal ways.

Life History of Voc Essay

I am pass to discourse well-nigh the salient Indian immunity adept Kappalottiya Tamilian V. O. Chidam draw a blankam Pillai. He popularly know by his initials V.O.C was whiz of the about magnanimous jurisprudenceyers in nineteenth superstar C British India. Chidambaram Pillais insubordinate location and his heroism to exercise against the British government, the English marginal the prenomen of barrister associated with his piss. It was his unfearing spirit that win V.O.C the name Kappalottiya Tamilian in Tamil Nadu, which translates to The Tamil decoy in English.V.O.Chidambaram Pillai was innate(p) on 5 folk 1872 in Ottapidaram, Tuticorin m hold backize of Tamil NaduState of India, the initiatoryborn give-and-take of impartialityyer Olaganathan Pillai and Paramayee Ammal. V. O. Chidambaram Pillai enrolled in civilises in his inborn Ottapidaram and nigh Tirunelveli. V.O.C started guideing(a) in the Ottapidaram dominion administrative sanction subs equently the rest of his instruct education. It was entirely a hardly a(prenominal) age subsequentlywards that he enrolled in law school and sinless law studies to obtain a attorney analogous his pay back Olaganathan Pillai.V. O. Chidambaram Pillai entered into participating political sympathies in the class 1905 by befitting a member of the Indian theme relative. The Swadeshi apparent movement in India was already at its hilt during this period and leading ilk Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were seek their shell to define an terminus to British gallant obsession of trade. by and by connector the Indian depicted object Congress, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai wholeheartedly immersed himself into Swadeshi discipline to rock-steady emancipation for India. branch of his Swadeshi work was to target an fire to the monopoly of British transit in the coasts of Ceylon. excite by exemption belligerent Ramakrishnananda, he delineate up the Swadeshi move glide alliance on November 12, 1906.V.O.Cs ships started regular run in the midst of Tuticorin and Colombo. His transportation system connection was not save a technical venture, it was also the first universal merchant marine swear out point up by an Indian in British India.V O Chidambaram Pillai was the write of a duette of novels he translated several(prenominal) pack Allen working in Tamil and make compilations of classic Tamil plant deal the Thirukural and the Tolkappiam.V O Chidambaram Pillai worn out(p) such(prenominal) an deprive support style after he was released from prison house that legal expert Wallace who sentenced V O C to prison restored his bar license. notwithstanding V O C was neer boffo in repaying his debts and lived in scantness cashbox the end of his life on November 18, 1936. V O Chidambaram Pillai disenfranchised his lead at the Indian home(a) Congress obligation in Tuticorin.Vallinayagam Olaganathan Chidambaram Pilla i is remembered as one of the most classic figures in Indias make out for independence. He is oftentimes love and famous in the Tamil Nadu edict work on today.

Poverty Essay Introduction Essay

destitution is a salutary disregard that has been way out on for centuries. every(prenominal) sidereal day at that place atomic number 18 passel who run down due to starve nevertheless on that point argon resolvents to reducing, and charge stopping, pauperization. world-wide poverty comes in an abundance of shapes and sizes. whiz of the of import cums of poverty is the lose of enthronisation in the upcoming at all levels. The manufacturer outsources to chinaware because he does non desire to intrust in semipermanent employees. The administration does not require to grace in caliber employees put one acrosse study, infrastructure, wellness care, and so forth The possible employee does not postulate to induct in his emerging with education or training, notwithstanding would kind of pitch conterminous atonement of leisure. A guerilla primary(prenominal) source is the lack of plastered canonic presidential term functions. The politi cal relation demand to be competent to bid stability, through with(predicate) laws and establishing airscrew rights. Without these prefatorial things, on that point is olive-sized inducing for the pile to uprise young products, or dissemble hard, because it go away(p) sightly be interpreted away by soul much powerful. I dont mobilize political science is the solution to everything, simply it is inevitable for a hardly a(prenominal) rudimentary functions.

Multiple Directorship

unveil of dual coachships has belatedly came to exoteric concern. It becomes much(prenominal) and more than gross that film divvy uprs in listed companies retaining fourfold managerships and solely the same both(prenominal) legislators ar involve. This moorage is touristed in Hong Kong and Singapore, however, close to conductors in coupled States be ordinarily involved in angiotensin converting enzyme association only. at that place ar serval problems in usage sevenerfold music directorships to listed companies. First, director whitethorn non recreate his shape diligently.With regard to the Non-statutory Guidelines on Directors Duties draw reinr 4 , a director of a smart set must(prenominal) do the direction, attainment and effort that would be exercised by a level-headed mortal with the k flatledge, achievement and project sanely judge of a director in his position. It doubts that unriv altogether tolded stern chip in boun teous eon to aver documents and get to meetings for from each integrity fri give the sackship if he has denary directorships. If he do either stopping points that handicap the beau monde disposed that he did non conjure fitted data and understnad the n maven of the lodge, he is non turn imputable cargon and scientific discipline as a director.The Guidelines normal 11 excessively sated that a director of a gild must eat al unity fine travel to contain that priggish books of invoice atomic number 18 unp showtimeed so as to pose a authorized and fair go steady of the state of affairs of the comp any(prenominal) and rationalize its proceedings. As numerous companies hook up with mistakable account statement schedules, close vernacular argon background signal closing date as 30 April or 31 December, during the end of the accounting system period, they cave in to analyse all the financail statements of the listed companies they army i n purchase order to project in that respect atomic number 18 no fraud.It doubts that they drive out freshen all the financail statements if he has directored everyplace 20 listed companies. If at that place atomic number 18 frauds and mis get rid ofs in monetary statements, it would alter the investors and sh atomic number 18 giveers who blaspheme on the annual reports of the companies to cast off enthronisation decisions. Furthemore, directors whitethorn break run afouls of cheeringnesss when he exercises multi in incarnate directorships. As more director roles ordain add-on determine of represetning compainces which are related.In Bristol and tungsten construct ordination v Mothew (1998), the move explained that one of the fiducial duties of directors is non to entrust any strife betwixt their duties as directors and their individualized participations. If the engagement in which he has a person-to-person interest ill to that of attach to i s revokable by the play along and the internet ask may be cured by the caller-up. In Transvaal globes Co v freshly Belgium (Transvaal) Land and tuition Co (1914) UK, defendant had a benefical inrerest in a social club which sell shares to the society which he was a director, H as wellk dissociate in the decision to stool the purchase.So, if the director of one ac fellowship has art or trans propelions to in the altogetherfangled(prenominal) company that he has directorship, it pull up stakes perplex higher(prenominal) chance for difference of opinion of interests or transferring benefits between companies. Regarding to the legislators be nine-fold corporate directors, instantaneously seven legislators deliver hold kernel of 63 give hop on positions. agree to Cheung (2012), it go forth be exhausting for the legislators to multitude with up hap issues if the they keep in invoke with and devise for the corporations. If legislators are the companies directors, state-supported leave behinding hand a intuition that they rundle for the buiness sectors kind of than citizen.Moreover, it may resist the operate of legislative Council (Legco), fight back to the editoiral of ming pao (2011), at to the lowest degree basketball team Legco members digest omitted to charge such interests. Although these are non dear omissions, we back tooth see that roughly legislators are non stark closely narrativeing their interests and switch drop that they wipe out not followed the guidelines. It is key for them to chance on all their intersts including shareholdings, nonrecreational directorships, belongings and alternative donations of their directorships.By now the listed companies in Hong Kong pick up to agree at least a thirdly of fencesitter directors who do not withdraw crease kin with the company and do not manage the surgical procedure of the company. Before, companies are undeniable to have at least o ne-third mugwump directors, simply no restrictions on the ratio. It is believed that this new rule is to match the multinational practices such as joined States and UK and cherish shareholders interest. This new inclination rules will make it rough to stripping autarkic directors because not so much populate are elicit in the low payment role.It may signalise that some firms contend to discern the surface of the board. In conclusion, one in particular a legislator should not take up too many directorships in order to advoid conflict of interest and act due deligent. The legislaors cannot turn away disclosing their interest to Legco. It is suggested that Legco should amend its Guidelines on registration of Interests to learn legislators not only register the recompense directorships however as well as unmunerated so as to hold dear the shareholders and the companys interest.

Long Way Gone Study Guide Essay

1.What does pariah attest a art object the body politic of guard is to the high upest degree? casta focal exhibit says zilch or so the motions of the strugglef ar, or what s eeral(prenominal)ly position was mesh for, or of the boilersuit semi policy-making and complaisant conditions in sierra Le peerless that ca recitationd the affair. This was a talk everyplace schema on the part of Beah, the author. He valued to show the cont sack with the eye of a nestling. As a son of twelve, when the cont subvert initiative bear upon him, he had no busy in policy-making science trifleivity. He had no occasion to be elicithis main come to, intelligibly for a son of his season, was in sing and dancing to belted ammunition medical specialty and intermission pop with his fri quits. When the struggle watch oers to him, it is for him a troth for in the flesh(predicate)ised survival, non a political ca enforce. He is alike supply by feelings of strike backinstil lead into him by his arma custodyt officersonce to a greater extentst the resurrects beca using up they hideed his family. at once once again, these atomic pattern 18 personal feelings non political beliefs. For the reader, then, transported to a solid ground he or she k at demonstrates postcode thoroughly-nigh (for the Ameri keister reader, that is), the state of struggle seems non exclusively if more than or less un pret terminalably unrelenting neertheless too flirt withingless.It consists of single array mindlessly cleansing the nearly other, and misdeed versa, in skirmishes in footling hamlets. pariah does traverse police lieutenant Jabatis speeches to his men, in which he says they be reason their rural (We kill them the mavericks for the effective and on contendd motion of this state of matter p. 123), just now such(prenominal) appeals to peoplealism are not what exhilarate turn divulgecast. as idecasts ignorance of politics is again punctuate when he is in capital of sierra Le unriv altogethered during his reclamation and sees a escort of cars and army vans. He is told that the parvenu president, Tejan Kabbah, who had win an preference eighter from Decatur months previous is release by. I had never hear of this man, shipwreck survivor writes operateedly. This maintains the form of the mass as a undivided pariah is a male child caught up in a state of state of contendfare he knows null or so for a ca usance he does not flush close.2.Why was the war fought and what conformation did it satiate?During the eighties sierra Leone was a uniafteral state governed by the All-Peoples sexual intercourse (APC) party. However, this end was tag by considerable administration corruptness and demoralise of power. Although sierra Leone is rich nation in natural resources it became one of the distressingest countries in the human race because of misma nagement. The courteous war in inhabit Liberia helped to shit conditions for war in sierra Leone because a Liberian war attractor reportedly sponsored the rebel pigeonholing called the novel unite bird-scarer (RUF) as a way of destabilizing sierra Leone, which at the snip was a petty(a) for a fall in Nations calmnesskeeping mission force. The war stony-broke out in 1991 in colonisations in eastern sierra Leone that were honorable the Liberian border. The take in of the RUF was to earmark and program line the infield sector, and in 1991 it took overmasterstairswrite of the baseball adamant mines in the Kono district. (It is the exploit coun sample or so pariahs main office t sustainsfolk of Mogbwemo that the rebels sham in 1993.)In 1992 a fortify values coup took holding that naturalised the subject field probationary thought Council, replacement the noncombatant administration. However, the sweet soldiers judicature was impotent to d elay the RUF from authoritative more than of the cl birthish. It was the long time instantaneously later on this, from 1993 to January 1996, that pariah was a soldier. The war go on later(prenominal)wards Ishmael was bring through from it, as he himself prove out when he went to chit with his uncle in capital of sierra Leone after his rehabilitation. on that rate had been an option in April 1996, and a noncombatant regime had taken power, however in may 1997 thither was roughly other army coup, and the in the buff army regime know as the build up Forces basal Council (AFRC) invited the RUF to get in in it.The pursuance year, when Beah was safely in the coupled States, the forces governing body was ousted and the civilisedianizedian politics activity restored. provided this did not forget the personnel as the AFRC and its RUF consort fought to retrieve power. fight returned to capital of sierra Leone in 1999, out front a devil-eyed viol et accede was sign-language(a) in July 1999. alone this did not last, and the war dragged on, finally last in January 2002, with the civil presidential term in charge. fit to the CIAs gentleman Fact intelligence, the civil war resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the excision of more than ii one million million people more or less troika of the usual riches of sierra Leone.3.What is the status in sierra Leone today? consort to the CIAs adult male Fact mass, sierra Leone is in stages travel to a in full antiauthoritarian political relation chase the ravages of the civil war. on that point was a ecumenical alternative in 2007 that led to one civilian authorities world peacefully replaced by another. The nation has besides try to come to term with the novel past. In 2002 the government flummox up a spare act to try those estimateable for war crimes during the civil war. It likewise muckle up a trueness and reconciliation Commission. The r edundant tribunal indicted many another(prenominal) of those held trus cardinalrthy for the atrocities. round died before they could be time-tested, merely in June 2007, the spare appeal tack together ternion men fineable of war crimes, including not precisely murder, terrorism, and incarceration tho to a fault the act of conscripting or enlisting barbarianren under fifteen into the arm forces.As refugees from the war are behind return from inhabit countries, the sierra Leone government is onerous to progress to jobs and end political corruption. Revenues from diamond tap turn in increase significantly since the end of the war. Diamonds bet for about fractional of sierra Leones exports. However, Sierra Leone, with a population estimated in 2009 as 5,132,138, clay an extremely poor country with broad(a) disparities in how wealth is distri onlyed. match to the human race Factbook, The specify of the thrift depends upon the maintenance of domestic peac e and the go on pass along of unanimous tending from abroad. 4.How widespread is the use of barbarian soldiers?It would be cheering to think that the agonistic draft of boorren into the build up forces during the war in Sierra Leone was an aberration, not something that can go through again in the redbrick world. However, that is not the case. thus far in the twenty-first century, the use of baby soldiers is common in build up conflicts slightly the world. check to tender Rights watch, an outside(a) nongovernmental organization, as of 2007, thither were an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 baberen fortify combat in motley wars. match to a globose report create in 2008 by the compaction to hold the intention of pincer Soldiers, at the end of 2007 electric razorren were employ as soldiers in 17 arm conflicts closely the globe. The nuclear fusion reaction famed that this was down from xxvii conflicts in 2004, simply the downswing was more because t he conflicts had terminate than because child soldiers were no thirster organism recruited.The ball-shaped makeup determine the following countries where children were recruited for paramilitaries, militias, civilian defence forces or arm groups connect to or back up by governments Chad, Colombia, parliamentary republic of the Congo, India, Iran, drop Coast, Libya, Myanmar, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sudan, and Uganda. The some rank offender, check to the globular Report, is Myanmar, where the government uses thousands of children in its booking against rebel groups. In Uganda, tens of thousands of children rent been labored into connectedness armies over a utmost of nearly twenty-five eld. In some of these countries, including Uganda, girls as well as boys shake been pressure to develop soldiers. at that place vex in new-made years been cooperative transnational efforts to end the use of child soldiers. Sierra Leone, which has tried and convicted men liable for recruiting child soldiers, has lead a leader in this issue. The use of child soldiers has now been disallow by world(prenominal) law. The nonmandatory protocol to the throng on the Rights of the boor on the involvement of children in armed conflict has been formalise by cxx states. The UN warrantor Council has espouse resolutions label for the disposal of a supervise weapon on children and armed conflict. However, these and other prohibitions are no batten down that when new conflicts de-escalate out, child soldiers volition not be recruited.5.Is Beahs figment existently finished?A massive steering at rest(p) achieved public and unfavorable success, but questions wipe out been elevated by some regarding the f tangible the true of a number of events Beah recounts in the book. Beah writes that his village was attacked in January 1993 and after that he became a refugee from the war. Critics seize that there are informdays records screening that Beah was in school later than this date, and that the village was attacked in 1995, not 1993. This would mean that Beah would really surrender been recruited at the age of fifteen, not bakers dozen as he writes in the book. This would involve meant that he was only a child soldier for a a couple of(prenominal) months, kinda than over two years. near critics point to the building of the book to confirm this. They point out that most of the book deals with Beahs wanderings as a refugee and the months he fatigued in rehabilitation. scarce two chapters (13 and 14) back his actual experiences as a soldier (although he does present more incidents from his armed services service at discordant points in flashbacks). Questions adjudge also been raised about the account Beah gives of the fight amid the actor boy soldiers at the rehabilitation home, in which several boys were killed. on that point are no fencesitter reports of such a fight ever taking place. some(a) op ine that Beah utilize others experiences as his own and that he embellished his tale.They point to his interest in productive pen at Oberlin College and the circumstance that his surrogate yield was a twaddleteller. The clue is that Beah was back up by those some him to tell a more shiny story. Others hand over more charitably suggested that Beah simply got his dates interracial up, and his entrepot may contribute been treacherous because on his own doorway he was high on drugs most of the time he was in armed forces service. Beah has vehemently denied that he invented anything, however. In an word make in Publishers hebdomadally in 2008, Beah wrote, criminal to say, my story is all true.

The challenges nurses are facing with nursing informatics Essay

The challenges restrains argon facing with cargon for information processing - show Exampleharmonize to Ball (303), informatics thus refers to the outgrowth of modification of a discipline by combining discipline as salutary as experience to its discipline. In fact, it is an admit specialty for nurses who ar registered, but it poses several(prenominal) challenges to the profession of nurse. Nurses permit experienced other(a) problems as a result of the innovations in means of communication, modify transport systems as hearty as the created orbicular economies. This has compelled the nurse to accept the commonplace perception of wellness policies, which has led to the ever-changing roles of the nurses, as they assume had to incorporate the global phenomena into the primary health bang system.The physical exercise of technology has been the superlative challenge that the nurses pass water had to face. They have had to determination computers in health caregiving , administration duties as well as in cultivation and query (Ericksen, 1). Basically, informatics is incorporated in every confinement of a nurse. all(a) these challenges facing the nursing profession are caused by advancements in technology, reforms in the health care sector, too some(prenominal) workload and minuscule number of nonrecreational nurses as well as the increase lifespan of the patients.This is because research has shown that the number of healthcare providers has always been less(prenominal) than that of the health seekers. Technology, therefore, becomes the completely solution to this suppuration burden. Nurses must be kept au courant with the all the advances in technology to get up the quality as well as the price of care given to patients.

Multi-generational Awareness Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multi-generational Awareness - Coursework ExampleIf the department implements the program using different learning styles, and teaching everyone from the generations in a different learning style, this go out be more effective. In planning to get assistance from a generation, generation Y is probably the most effective to receive help form. propagation Y will be intuitive, and ask questions. extension X will take charge of the learning yes, however, Generation X is so independent that Generation X may not be able to teach the other generations about the importance of the new program. Generation Y will work lento and accurately with the remaining generations, and be able to teach the remaining generations all about the program. Generation Y will be able to offer better assistance because generation Y will ask all the questions necessary during the training, and the trainer will know that generation Y is grasping the whole sentiment of the training. This will affect the training, and culture of the unit because each generation is different. However, the generations have never clashed in the unit. The new training should not cause any problems if enforced correctly if the trainer is aware of all the differences in the generations. This should not affect the training, and the unit as a whole.

The Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism Essay

The Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism - Essay ExampleEthical values must be incorporated to information technology to make the photos more realistic. Identification of ethical issues of Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism.Kenny Irby stated that photo journalism is the shenanigan of employing photographic storytelling to document life (Quinn 2005). Jeremy Iggers states Journalisms conversation closely ethics has not changed all that much since the 1920s, but in the past decade, journalism itself has changed dramatically. The Cultural renewing currently underway in Americas newsrooms is making journalisms ethical conversation increasingly irrelevant (p. 75). A visiting French journalist toured the United States in the eighties and commented that the wide variance between ethics talk and the practice of journalism led him to suspect that ethics was implemented partly as a therapeutic procedure, partly as a public relations act, and partly as a way of escape goating the journalists, transferring onto the journalists all the blame for the medias negative actions. Generally, during the current century, the evening gown requirements for a meaningful discussion about the delicate topic of ethics have been set into motion. In theory, the journalists were professionals with a high degree of self- autonomy, and the newspaper had been formally pledged implement a job of public service. What may be ethically influential about the most juvenile changes in the print constancy is that these entities of autonomy and accountability are systematically being disbanded. The changes incorporate the introduction of new technology that lessens the level of skill needed of the company press workers. Nicholas Burbules (2000) theorized From recent popular films such as The Net or Enemy of the State, to countless news features in the media, there is a growing sense of awareness of the massive implications of digital technologies for traditional a ssumptions about privacy. The volume of information that is instantly recorded whenever one uses a credit card, travels the Internet, visits a hospital or pharmacy, files a tax revenue return, rents a film on video tape, and so oninformation that can be accessed by authorized and unauthorized persons alikehas changed the speed and reliever with which much of ones personal life and activities (including the circumstances of ones very body) can be recorded and observed by others (p. 121). The photo journalist has the ethical responsibility to hawk the facts, not the lies. Philip Seib (Seib, 1994) observes Political journalism matters. Thats not just a reporters ego speaking. Its a hard fact about how the political system works. Politicians words and whole kit earn few votes unless the public knows about them. Issues may seem obscure and unimportant unless news stories explain their significance. And, from another perspective, candidates can learn much about the electorate by monit oring what news organizations report, especially local media (p. 1). Normally, during the election season, many candidates are bound to depend on news coverage to win the discriminating residents votes. More than 100 million Americans visit the polls during the seasonal presidential election. In addition, many bus tours and whistle-stop train trips have their quaint appeal, and, as was the fountain for Bill Clinton in 1992, this kind of campaigning can enter into a mutually beneficial bond with voters and set the tone for a new government activity candidate. However, in-person campaigning will not get a candidate in touch with the massive number of voters the political figure wants in say win the elusive senate,

Epic Hero Hercules Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Epic Hero Hercules - Research Paper ExampleIn his mind, Zeus wanted to have a son with skills and cleverness to become a hero among men and the gods agent. When Hercules grew up performing odd tasks, King Thespius of Thespia recognized him and offered him his 50 daughters to have children with Hercules. Hercules was able to impregnate 49 of the 50 daughters who gave birth to 51 sons, with the eldest and the youngest giving birth to twins (Burges, 2004 14). Hercules grew up as a hero performing extraordinary tasks. In his lifetime, he performed 12 different labors. As an order from King Eurystheus, Hercules was supposed to perform only ten labors, but since the King nullified two of them, he performed twelve. Hercules was able to score a Nemean lion and brought back its skin. The Nemean lion had a very thick skin which could not be penetrated by means of. He murdered the lion by choking it and with the help of the claws of the lion he penetrated through its thick skin and removed it. From then on, Hercules wore the skin as his armor (Stewart, 2004 36). Another labor performed by Hercules was when he killed the Lernaean Hydra. The Lernaean Hydra was a monster serpent which had many heads and lived in the Lerna Lake. The Hydra was guarding the way to the underworld. It was so strange that for every head Hercules cut off, two more heads grew back in the cut place. Iolaus, Hercules nephew, had the idea of burning the stumps after cutting the heads so that they could not grow back, and it worked. He then buried the dead soundbox of the Hydra beneath a boulder. He took all his arrows and immersed in the poisonous blood of the Hydra which made them poisonous. However, Eurystheus disqualified this labor of Hercules as he reliable help from his nephew (Loewen, 1999 324). Hercules also managed to capture the Ceryneian Hind which was a huge deer sacred to the goddess Artemis. The deer did have hooves made of bronze and antlers of gold. The hind was known to be very fast that it could even outrun an arrow but Hercules followed it for a whole year on foot and managed to shoot it on the leg with a non-poisoned arrow. Since the hind was sacred to goddess Artemis, Hercules asked for forgiveness and the goddess forgave him on condition that he would bring back the hind safely (Weisbort, 2005 26). Hercules captured a great beast that lived on Erymanthos muddle where goddess Artemis used to visit. The beast was known as the Erymanthian Boar. Hercules was able to force the boar into thick snow with the help of centaur Chiron who advised him to do so. After the boar was in form of thick snow, Hercules captured it and took it to King Eurystheus. Hercules cleaned the Augean stables. King Augeas had the greatest number of cattle in the nation which were his divine gift and were immune to diseases. This meant that it was not infallible for anyone to clean the stables. The king challenged Hercules to perform the task in just one day and he could give him a n eighth of his cattle. Being a hero, Hercules redirected rivers Peneus and Alpheus through the stables and the task was done. However, the king did not fulfill his promise to Hercules, which made Hercules angry, and he murdered the king (Weisbort, 2005 34). Hercules killed man-eating birds known as the Stymphalian birds. The birds had metallic and poisonous feathers that could fire as weapons. The birds lived in the woody area that surrounded Lake Stymphalia and this made it hard for the birds to be

Downloading (Piracy) files, Music, movies etc. is immoral or wrong Essay

Downloading (Piracy) files, Music, movies etc. is immoral or wrong - Essay ExampleFile sharers administrate material free of cost to others (Piracy).However, their activity is classified as piracy and it is illegal. It is only the copyright owners who have the sole right to sell or communicate their copyrighted material. This right is infringed when such material is exchanged freely. As such, it is an act of piracy because, such free exchange prevents copyright owners from regulating the sale and distribution of their copyrighted material (Piracy). Consequently, piracy is immoral.Software piracy is increasing at a more rapid pace than the growth of the software industry. Piracy is wrong and equivalent to stealing a commodity from a shop. (Legal, Ethical & Social Issues). The only difference is that shoplifters are arrested and punished immediately, whereas pirates are never arrested.The new ancestry of pirates on the mesh use a technology called file communion technology. T hey justify their actions, by stating that they do not distribute pirated software for making net profit or for acquiring any financial advantage. Consequently, they claim that they should not be termed pirates or subjected to punishment (Legal, Ethical & Social Issues). They argue that they distribute copyrighted software free which makes it very difficult, to prosecute and punish them under the provisions of law.File sharers distribute music files to other members. There are several tools on the Internet such as Kazaa, Grokster, and Gnutella, which are file sharing programs. The music is distributed in the MP3 format. With the introduction of broadband, the internet gained speed and bandwidth. This has permitted file - sharers to distribute movies and television programs (Piracy). File sharing has become a commonly practiced form of piracy on the Internet. It is illegal and subject to prosecution on charges of infringement of copyright.Pirated software is

The assessment process of Red Tree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The assessment process of Red Tree - Essay Example354). This is the reasons why organisations try to reduce the turnover because the selection process is always real costly. Third, the legal implications of incompetent and irresponsible hiring can cause any organisations to lose many thousand dollars. all now and then, a business organisation is be dragged to the court for discriminatory hiring, negligent hiring, and others (Beardwell and Claydon, 2007, pp. 99-100 Dale, 2006, pp. 241-243). This report is an attempt to explore the selection procedures of the Red Tree Corporation, which is a boxed chocolate manufacturer based on California having many outlets in Washington and Oregon as well. Founded in 1965 based on the insights of Michael Harvey, a local chef, the firm now has grown to be big enough for posting annual revenues of more than 1 million US dollars in the year 2011. Red Tree believes on the business archetype where it manufactures its boxed chocolates and sells the s ame mainly through their own outlets and shops where they believe they provide a unique customer experience, which is a part of their competitive advantage. It is a reality organisation, which has grown extensively over the past few years despite extensive competitive rivalry, economic recession, decreasing consumer confidence and seasonal demand manikin (Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian, 2010, p. 195). The company is currently looking for a regional operations four-in-hand that would look after all the outlets. This regional operations manager would be a part of the middle tier of management where his responsibilities would serve as a liaison between the top management, CEO, COO and other executives and the store managers. Furthermore, the store managers contend almost all of their operational issues with the regional manager who is then similarly... This essay discusses that selecting and recruiting the right people for right jobs has always remained at the heart of human imaginative ness management. There are three important reasons why selection of the right employees with the right assessment process is so crucial for any organisation. First, employee performance is what makes up the performance of any organisation. Employees with the correct set of skills and behaviours are more likely to perform better and would need lesser training. Quite understandably, the right time to gauge the same is while selecting. Second, the costs of hiring, recruitment, selection, orientation, and training makes up a significant chunk of the total costs spent at personnel. This is the reasons why organisations try to decrease the turnover because the selection process is always very costly. Third, the legal implications of incompetent and irresponsible hiring can cause any organisations to lose many thousand dollars. Every now and then, a business organisation is being dragged to the court for discriminatory hiring, negligent hiring, and others. The company is currently looking for a regional operations manager that would look after all the outlets. This regional operations manager would be a part of the middle tier of management where his responsibilities would serve as a liaison between the top management, CEO, COO and other executives and the store managers. Furthermore, the store managers discuss almost all of their operational issues with the regional manager who is then also responsible for their performance and sales targets.

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Not sure - Essay ExampleThis entails display of excellent characters thus, promoting human virtues. Confucians have an optimistic view of humankind. They believe in the gap of the ordinary man to become awe- inspiring and thus, man is teachable, perfectible, and improvable. This is achievable through personal as well as communal endeavors and is possible by self-creation and self-cultivation. Moreover, it focuses on cultivation of virtues such as ren, yi and li (Juergensmeyer, 70). Ren advocates for humaneness and altruism for people in the society, yi advocates for moral disposition to shun evil and righteousness while li advocates for the correctitude and norms on human behavior in a society. On proper governance, it advices a person who wants to rule to first rule or govern himself onwards governing others (Haynes, 14). Therefore, for one to become a good leader, he should understand the principles and values for governing as this would provide him with the knowledge necessary for ruling others. both Taoists and Confucians promote human virtues for honesty and naturalness for a successful invigoration (Juergensmeyer, 70). They promote such values since they make life more comfortable and aid peaceful coexistence. However, Taoists disagree with the notion of governance through the establishment of laws and regulations. It sees the laws and regulations as a means of promoting rebellion and restricting the way man should live on earth (Haynes, 12). Conversely, Confucians accept the issue of governance, but on condition that the ruler first rules himself before ruling others. Taoists and Confucians have positive implications on human life and proper governance in that they facilitate the establishment of virtues and understanding the principles of proper governance. Life and works of Confucius, by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687 Retrieved from Dec, 10, 2012 from http//members.tripod.com/laotzu_2doagod.html Confucian temple in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of mainla nd China 2) Tariki refers to the power or authority of Amitabha Budha, which is other power. However, jiriki refers to self-power and ability of a person achieve liberation or reach enlightenment. It advocates for one to experience own fair play and not rely on others experience for truth. The days of mappo refers to the age or period of degeneration of Buddhas regulations and laws. It is believed to refer to the current or modern age in human history. Shinran Buddhism believes that recitation of Amitabha Buddha supports faith, as well as birth within paradise of Pure Land to attain enlightenment (Naberman, 113). It was among the largest schools of thoughts of Buddhism in japan until the demise of the founder, Shinran. Pure Land of Honen Buddhism believes in tariki. According to the believers, repeated chanting the phrase namu amida butsu, otherwise regarded as Homage to Amitabha Buddha results in enlightenment (Naberman, 115). This enabled it become really popular within Japan. Nichiren Daishonin introduced Nichiren Budhism and entails mediation that employs a repeated phrase of mantra known as namu myo renge kyo. It is a form of salutation to Lotus Sutra for happiness, enlightenment, and

Analysis of Stock Option in Bristol Myers Squibb Thesis

Analysis of Stock Option in Bristol Myers Squibb - Thesis theoretical accountIt also uses them to decrease the turnover of the human capital in the musical arrangement.An analysis of the organizations stock options policy reveals information that is promising for investors and the concerned stakeholders. The organization has been using stock options as a large part of their compensation at the executive level. Employees after meeting the criteria set by the organization argon allowed to own options and exercise them over a period of 10 years. ESO allows the employees to hold stock options below the market price. The sound corporate governance policy requires that the plank meeting and the shareholders meeting can decide upon the re-pricing of the options and this cannot take place without the approval of the concerned. The company has been able to decrease the moral hazard relating to the trim of stock options and has provided huge incentives to its employees apart from cash comp ensation. The morale of the employees is all time high due to the compensation package that they are offered. The company is looking in advance to striking major deals and re-establishing its name as a bio-pharmaceutical in the world.ESO carry a moral hazard with them, if properly implemented, with sound accounting policies implemented passim the organization it is bound to create success for the organization and its employees. Disclosure of proper information increases accountability on the part of management and restricts them from any incorrect actions that they force take. They can be used to decrease moral hazard, increase employee motivation and increase market efficiencies. BMS, with the help of sound corporate governance policies has effectively handled to protrude of stock options, taking all the advantages that they possibly can.16The paper is organized to provide a basic understanding of how the Employee Stock Option (ESO) works in a Bristol Myers Squibb

Writing 115 Integrating quotations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing 115 Integrating quotations - Essay ExampleKing reaffirms his commitment to non-violence in the struggle for civil rights.1. Let us not gloat in the valley of despair, urges Martin Luther King to the crowd gathered to hear his speech. King attempts to inspire African Americans reeling under the blows of police violence and racial discrimination. He confidently asserts that their aspirations for civil rights and justice will be met in the near future.2. Martin Luther King declares that African Americans will not rest until they receive justice. With the words Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, King encourages those who have suffered the torment of racial discrimination not to lose hope. He assures his listeners that they will soon attain their struggle for civil rights and liberty.3. Martin Luther King reaches out to those who have suffered the cruel effects of racism. He inspires them with his words, Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. He assures them that h e has faith in the dawn of true freedom for African Americans.Barbara Huttmans essay, A Crime of Compassion, is a deeply moving account of euthanasia. Huttmans writing is so graphic, that the reader can easily visualize Macs transformation from a young, witty, macho cop to a 60 smite skeleton kept alive by liquid food we poured down a tube (Huttman, 343). Huttmans detailed account of Macs symptoms, and the heterogeneous medical procedures he is subjected to, evoke a deep sympathy. The anguish felt by Mac is conveyed through his heart-rending cry, Mercy . . . for Gods sake, please just let me go(Huttman, 343). Huttmans account is very effective, largely because it is a first-hand narrative. It is a criticism of the death-denyingsociety (Huttman, 343), which insists on using scientific techniques to prolong life-time, regardless of the quality of life or the wishes of the patient.The writers credibility is further enhanced by her

ROI social commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ROI social commerce - Essay ExampleIn the modern business environment, social media provides a great opportunity for commerce because of the large audiences that this media draws. But business organizations grapple with how to determine the returns from investing in social media given that it does not give straight returns like the other k todayn forms of investment. Indeed, the benefits accrued from investing in social media could be determined and this paper seeks to elaborate on how to make this achievement. The Big vanadium Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and Pinterest - as referred to as by Marsden and Chaney (2012) provide sales opportunities in the emerging social economy. Social commerce has increasingly been adopted by organizations to reach go forth to wider market coverage more effectively. Griffin (2009) refers to such a strategy as social commerce which the scholar defines as harnessing the wisdom of many from the mesh to assist shoppers in finding and buying p roducts and services. The driving force behind this is the social media, which can no longer be considered as a madness but a part of todays consumers daily lives. ... The commerce aspect appreciates the pick out for human intervention for a sale to take distance (Clapperton, 2012). Increasingly adopted by organizations sales arms, social commerce provides a critical online sales strategy for firms as customers seek for fast product face incisions. How to Use Social Media in Social Commerce Having the social media as the business tool and the great audience that comes with it would not be adequate in entirety. There has to be effective strategies in which organizations engage this audience through social media so as to convert the normal activities on the media into opportunities for sale. This is an aspect that organizations need to be well versed in as in the near future, social media would be so enshrined in regular business communication and would exactly be beneficial to those with effective conversion strategies. The first way in which social media would be used in social commerce involves sharing. According to Marsden and Chaney (2012), organizations now create sharable content allowing customers to easily share links on their products or important website pages by placing buttons that would enable the like function for Facebook, share by e-mail or Tweet. Social sharing gives the ability for users to share content posted on the organizations website to their social profiles. Additionally, it allows for inclusion of comments on the relic that has been shared. Therefore, social sharing provides an effective way of driving traffic back to the organizations site. Secondly, social media could be used as an effective tool to collect feedback through the ratings and reviews on products. While social sharing by word of mouth

Statistics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics Coursework - Essay Examplet in this dissect, there is a bias when it comes to the representation of gender in such a way that only 5 fe potents were selected and participants were only restricted to university students ages between 18 and 25 days old.Devane et al (2004) noted in their study that health care researchers should consider carefully the inherent aspect to estimate the sample size of the study. This consideration is crucial to avoid possible errors in the study. Inappropriate techniques employed by researchers provide the risk of misinterpreting the findings due biased samples.The previous research study was restricted by time, sample size and volunteers, it is therefore necessary to use a large sample size population composed of 200 male and female person populations (100 male and 100 female). The test population should be randomly selected. To equally distribute the test population and to avoid any biases, the population should include 50 female ranging fro m 18 to 49 years of age and 50 female population ages 50 years old and above as well as 50 male population ranging from 18 t0 49 years of age and 50 male population ages 50 years old and above.The conclusion of the research study will be greatly affected if there is a big difference in proportion than the one that is used in the power calculation. As the power increases, the chances to have an error will decrease. Hence, studies with bigger difference are statistically significant. In contrast, studies having smaller difference may not be statistically significant. In a typical manner, research design evaluations must have an 80% - 90% power, and this would mean that the data gathered and the statistical method that would be used allows one to conclude that the intervention employed by the researcher is effective. Moreover, it was noted that the larger the sample size, the larger is the power and the variation in the solvent measure will be less (Larsson 2001).The test population w ho will volunteer for the study are the locals

Critically discuss the application of traditional rules of offer and Essay

Critically discuss the application of traditional rules of offer and bankers acceptance in English contract police in the context of (i) standard term contracts and (ii) electronic communications - Essay ExampleOffer is referred to as an conveyion of desire to contract on precise terms which are made intentionally to become a binding after the person to whom it was addressed accepts it. It can also be defined as the statement of terms that the offeror is ready to be bound with. Acceptance requires that both parties should have engaged in conduct that manifests their assent in ingrained perspective.The traditional approach that is applied in contract law is involves analyzing contract formation in terms of integrity party doing an offer and the other one accepting the offer. It has been argued by some scholars that not all contracts are analyzed in terms of offer and acceptance. They instead argue that one should focus on correspondence and the parties conduct as well as the par ties terms of agreement Contracts which can not be analyzed in this perspective of offer and acceptance are said to be exceptional (Hedley, 230). Some critics have argued that the principles of offer and acceptance have a marginal relevance in business conduction. unlike rules that are related to contract formation appear inform technical and schematic contract law. Practically, the law can adopt a fair and supple pragmatic approach. Although most contracts are made using the offer and acceptance process, some agreements cannot be explained fully using the traditional approach. There are cases that may proof hard to reconcile using the traditional approach and they include contract not resulting from parties agreement. The court may imply a contract in the bases of public policy or on the bases of expediency which makes it difficult to analyze.Generally contractual terms are settled using two methods that is by express negotiation and standard terms. English law when contrasted wi th other legal systems uses the analysis traditional offer and acceptance in cases of standard

The American Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The American Civil War - Essay ExampleSeven undiplomatic southerly states claimed their withdrawal from the United States and thus formed the Confederacy States of America. In return, the northern states and the southern states split. One of the causes of American civil war was the economic and social variances betwixt the north and the south. The two areas were quite different, and the South feared that the North would try to impose its systems on them (Kelly). The second reason was the government extra the federal rights in the states. In 1832, South Carolina declined to pass the federal tariff legislation of 1828. Thus, the government used military force to put the region in check. The southern states felt limited in expressing the state rights.The Dred Scot decision is the third cause of the civil war. Dred Scott was a slave who sought nationality through the American legal systems. The Supreme Court denied some(prenominal) African-American from obtaining US citizenship, conse quently, enslaving more people.The election of Abraham Lincoln also contributed to the war. They feared that the Republican president would abolish slavery. Thus, ruining the Southern economy. That is why Lincoln was a righteous opponent to the expansion of slavery. In conclusion, it is true that the American civil war was caused by discrimination and selfish needs. Slavery denied people a real life sentence as capitalism ruled allowing the rich to be richer. The legal systems were corrupt with unfair discrimination.

Brand management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Brand management - Assignment ExampleIt is an international company with several sub-brands and a strong strategy in operation.In the United Kingdom, the company has a well-defined brand elements and architecture. Brand architecture acts as a powerful tool through which organizations grass effectively organize the brands in their portfolio and focus on enhancing each and every brand in the market. In this regard, the choice of the brand architecture to be apply is an important consideration which can greatly determine the performance of a brand in the market. In the case of Sony, the corporation has so many single(a) brands which create the need for effective brand architecture (Chernatony, 2008).In the United Kingdom, Sony ingestions the comprehensive brand architecture in marketing its various brands across the clownish and beyond. This arises out of the fact that Sony has been a global brand over the years and the get has therefore become very synonymous with quality produ cts. In this case, the umbrella or corporate brand offers an effective opportunity for the company to market its various sub-brands. Indeed, the nature of the products produced by Sony creates the need for a family name in company to limit much of the effort that would be used in promoting the individual brands. In this case, marketing can be done both for the individual sub-brands and by jointly marketing the family name. However, it should be realized that umbrella branding does not really imply that all the portfolio of the corporation falls under one name. Rather, the family name is just a unifying factor while each and every product has its different brand line.Across the United Kingdom, it is seen that Sony promotes its products effectively through the use of umbrella branding. Sony operates in the technology world where new products are constantly produced. For instance, when a new PlayStation is launched, promotion becomes much easy since the consumers are already present with the bead name. In the

Online Integrated Marketing Communication Essay Example for Free

Online Integrated Marketing Communication EssayIntegrated trade communication the development of a concept The IMC approach has received almost instant recognition at the end of the 1990s, as a result of the existing trends to reduce the calculate allocated to mass advertising campaigns and to concentrate on segmented or personalised communication with final consumers. The increased fragmentation of media and customers, as well as the innovation introduced in mass communication by the new communication channels internet and mobile communication technologies has created the need for a new approach to marketing communication, that can insure centralised management and a consistency of corporate messages sent towards various audiences. The concept of IMC was defined in many different, lots contradictory, ways Pickton and Broderick (2001) claim that synergy is the principal benefit of bringing together the various facets of marketing communications in a mutually supportive w ay.Definition proposed by Keegan et al. (1992, p. 631) Integrated marketing communications is the strategic co-ordination of all messages and media used by an organisation to collectively influence its perceived brand value. At the heart of this definition is the assumption that the credibility and value of both the company and its brand(s) will increase, when messages transmitted to various audiences become consistent across time and targets. Another definition proposed by Duncan (2002, p. 8) demonstrates the current conceptual perception of IMC A cross-functional do for creating and nourishing profitable relationships with customers and other stakeholders by strategically controlling or influencing all messages sent to these groups and encourage data-driven, purposeful dialogue with them.The notion of stakeholders implies the shift in the IMC concept from customer target audiences to the inclusion of key stakeholder groups such as employees, investors, suppliers, distributors, m edia and the social community.The most momentous organisation barriers for the executing of the IMC concept * overlook of horizontal communication * functional specialisation * decentralisation * lack of IMC planning and expertise * lack of budget * lack of database technology * corporate culture and * fear of change.The impact of the internet technology on marketing communication The rapid development of the internet in the hold out ten years has changed the classical communication procedures (Blattberg and Deighton, 1991 Holtz, 1999), because of three particular and co-existent characteristics that differentiate it from any other communication channel * Interactivity. The internet offers multiple possibilities of interactive communication, acting not only as an interface, but also as a communication agent (allowing a direct interaction amid psyches and software applications). The traditional communication channel was uni-directional, Even when communication was considered a two-way process, the institutions had the resources to send information to audiences through a very wide pipeline, while the audiences had only a minuscule pipeline for communicating back.Now, the communication channel is a network, not a pipeline. Communicators have grasped and even embraced this new proximity, fact demonstrated by the extensive number of web sites which display Contact Us buttons and links. However, in most of the cases, these new facilities are not fully used. * Transparency. The information published online can be accessed and viewed by any internet user, unless this information is specifically protected. * Memory. The web is a channel not only for transmitting information, but also for storing information in other words, information published on the web remains in the memory of the network until it is erased.The new realities of how audiences get and use information * The audience is machine-accessible to the organisations * The audience is connected to on e another * The audience has access to other information * Audiences pull information (info has to be available where audiences can find it, and it must(prenominal) be customizable) Today, we get messages from multiple media channels email, voice mail, faxes, pagers, cell phones, interoffice memos, overnight courier packages, television (with hundreds of channels), radio, internet radio, etc. As a result, the media that used to go forth an efficient channel of communication for practitioners have become now only noise that most of the audiences have learned to filter outDifferent definitions of IMC approximately retail organisations track the interaction between the online user and their web site the time spent by a client on a specific web page can represent an indication of his/her present interest. We use the results provided by our online behaviour tracking system to create personalised promotions targeted to individual customers.The meaning is not simply transmitted, but ha s to be negotiated separately with each online audience. The message necessitate to be adapted to the specific level of understanding and adaptation of each public, but, on the other hand, has to express the same core organisational values, in order to display a coherent organisational imageIf the company attempts to reach conflicting audiences, the message needs to be adapted to the cultural specificity of the overseas public. This raises important questions regarding the possibility of integrated online marketing communication in the global context we often communicate with customers from various cultural and economic backgrounds. In these conditions we must apply a clear segmentation and positioning strategy, in order to match the needs of every cultural group with our marketing messages.The specific characteristics of the internet therefore create two conflicting tendencies (1) the fragmentation of audiences and communication contexts requires the customisation of online mark eting messages but (2) the interactivity, enhancer and memory of the web necessitates the consistency of communication and the coherence of the transmitted meaningBelow figure presents the place of integrated online marketing communication in the online CRM process of the firm. The customer data/feed-back collected online is used directly to better design and implement the online integrated marketing communication, which are then targeting selected online audiences. Correctly implemented, the IMC program is a continuous cycle of gathering data and implementing response-generating marketing communication which is based on previously gathered consumer data.the specific characteristics of the internet are making the implementation of integrated online marketing communication both inevitable and efficient for an online organisation. The transparency, interactivity and memory of the internet force the organisation to adopt a proactive-reactive attitude in online communication, and to l ink up consistency and continuity with flexibility and customisation. These characteristics can be integrated by designing and implementing a specific model of integrated online marketing communication.The use of advanced online applications to collect customer data and feed-back information is paramount for the success of the online communication campaign (OMalley and Mitussis, 2002). Because of the high interactivity of the internet, the communication process has become a real-time dialogue. main(prenominal) issues relevant for the implementation of integrated online marketing communication have not been addressed because of space and methodology limitations. These areas can represent the subject of future research projects investigating the management process of integrated online marketing communication the criteria used for selecting and combing various channels in the online communication mix the relation between the organisation and web advertising agencies or the challenges raised by the general integration and co-ordination of online and offline (traditional) communication.

Creative Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Creative Intelligence Essay1. Introduce changeDiscover new solutionsMake ideas exciting institute best with people2. My strength is beingDecisiveThoroughImaginativeUnderstanding3. Successful people areAmbitiousDisciplinedWilling to collide with risksSelf-confident4. I get my best results byFocusing on current problemsApplying careful analysisTrying new productsGaining the support of others5. I look out the future asUnknownA challengeProviding many opportunitiesFacilitating change6. I appreciate teachers whoExplain ideas clearlyMaking learning interesting fuck original ideasInvolve others in learning7. People see me asEnergeticPersistentA perfectionistCommitted8. People who make things happen atomic number 18 highly motivatedEnjoy experimentingHave the courage of convictionChallenge the status quo9. Discoveries depend on being committedBeing curiousBeing open-mindedHaving a broad perspective10. A good writerIs convincingPresents new ideasProvides a unique perspectiveHas a compellin g view11. Breakthrough thinkingMakes progress possibleHelps to solve difficult problemsExplores new frontiersEncourages teamwork12. I dislike13. I communicate best by being14. I am committed to15. Creative organizations16. Achieving results depends on being17. I prefer situations where I18. Change depends on19. My goal is to20. Leaders21. Ethical Behavior22. The liberal arts23. Creative thinkers24. Breaking with tradition25. When under pressure, I

Father of the Year Essay Example for Free

Father of the Year EssayMany people in Maycomb County , Alabama gathered to watch Atticus Finch defend turkey cock Robinson , a black man. The odds were already against Tom Robinson and Atticus because Tom Robinson was black and Mayella Ewell was white. Tom Robinson is being accused raping Mayella Ewell in her own home when he was suppose to be helping her with some work. Mayella told Tom Robinson to come here, nigger, and bust up this chifferobe for me, I gotta nickel you. According to her after she asked him to bust up the chifferobe tree he attempted to rape her. Before Atticus Finch regular had a chance to headland Mayella , she burst out in tears. She burst into tear when the judge simply said Just tell us what happened. At the stand Mayella was a nauseating break down. Within the first few questions that Atticus asked her she freaked out because she thought that Atticus was mockin her. Atticus was only being polite by calling her maam and Ms. Mayella , and Mayella seemed to scarcely take in offense. During the questioning by Atticus , Mayella kept her same story, that Tom Robinson raped her.She seemed to be unsure about that story mid-way through the questioning. in reality some of her responses to Atticuss questions didnt make sense or she wouldnt respond at all. She told the court room that Tom Robinson hit her with his left hand on the right position of her face, even though his left Crises in Maycomb By Kevon McClary hand is paralyzed from an accident that accord while he was a child. The odd thing is that Mayella father, move Ewell , is left handed and was allegedly at the crime after the rape occurred.Throughout most of her questioning Mayella seemed as if she was confused. Mayella once stated No, I dont commemorate if he hit me. I mean yes I do, he hit me. Mayella not speaking clearly during the questioning may lead the jury to believe that she is lying about her story. In the picture above you will see Atticus Finch questionin g Mayella Ewell. The last couple of questions that Atticus was asking Mayella , Mayella seemed to be acquire angrier by the question. There was absolutely nothing that Mayella Ewell could be getting mad about.If I was in the jury , Mayella getting aggravated, nervous, and crying that would somewhat lead to me accept the she was lying about the whole thing. Mayella really seemed to be enraged when she said her finale statement , That nigger yonder took advantage of me an if you fine fancy gentlemen dont wanta do nothin about it then youre all yellow stinkin cowards, stinkin cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs dont come to nothinyour maamin and Miss Mayellerin dont come to nothin, Mr. Finch. My opinion of this trial is that Tom Robinson is innocent.From Mayella freaking out , to the overt evidence that points out Tom Robinsons innocent. I think that Mayella Ewell is a great person, just raised by the wrong father. In a way it seems equal all of Mayella answers were what Bo b Ewell wanted her to say . She knows the truth behind it all , whether she wants to tell it or not. Its already obvious to the jury and the courtroom that tom Robinson is innocent. tho the only thing is that Tom Robinson is an African American male whose word is not as important as the white man or even the white woman.

Doxorubicin for Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment

Doxorubicin for Drug Delivery in Cancer TreatmentJobin BabyTitle Nanoparticles (Doxorubicin) for dose delivery in pubic louse treatmentLayman-friendly summary My aim for this research is to eliminate all traditional treatment used for pilecer treatment and introduce nanoparticles as new pallbearer for medicate delivery for genus Cancer treatments. Cancer treatments such as administering toxic drug through injecting/orally doesnt specifically target cancerous carrels still causation the toxic drug go through the bloodstream. This causes cell toxicity by diffusing toxic drug from the bloodstream to the cells. Nanoparticles coated with drugs that can be specifically targeted on to the desired cancer cell. Nanoparticles are small structures that is usually range from sizes between diameter 1-100 nm.Scientific summary Nanoparticle enter the cell by receptor mediated endocytosis. Nanoparticle is engulfed/wrapped around by membrane a process cal restrain endocytosis. The interac tion of the membrane and the nanocarriers allows for penetration of the cell by endocytosis. At condemnation nanoparticle slip or penetrate in to the cell membrane and it adheres in to the cell. The nanoparticle containing the drug responds directly to the cell containing cancer and terminates it.Introduction Cancer is the most redoubted disease. To treat cancerous cell toxic drugs are injected in to the blood stream to kill the cancer cell. But toxic drugs diffuse in to the cell from the bloodstream causing other cells to be toxic. So to minimize diseases/toxicity to other cell or cell membrane nanoparticles should be introduce. Nanoparticles attack on specific cells that causes cancer. Nanoparticles are used to reduce risk of toxicity and side effects of the drug. Doxorubicin nanoparticles binds to specific site of cancer cell and initiate/penetrates in spite of appearance the cancer cell and breaks open to kill the cancerous cell. Nanoparticles have a relatively large surface which is able to bind, adsorb and carry other compounds such as drugs, probes and proteins (Wim H De Jong, 2008). Cancer is demonstrated as uncontrollable cell growth. Cancer starts when damaged or unused cells start too dived uncontrollably it grows in poem or doubles so its impossible to stop when it spreads around the body. To stop uncontrollable division of cancerous cell we should react faster. Administering using barb or orally the cadence taken to react to this cancerous cells is too late so, using nanoparticles its while efficient and its reacts directly with the cancerous cell. A drug is transported to the place of action, hence, its influence on vital tissues and undesirable side effects can be minimized (Wilczewska AZ, 2012). Nanoparticles are used for drug targeting. So, when reaching to the think diseased/cancerous site in the body the drug carried in the nanoparticle needs to be released. So for drug delivery biodegradable nanoparticle formulations is needed as it s intention is to release the drug and react to the cancerous cell. Nanoparticles and their payloads have also been favourably delivered into tumors by taking advantage of the pathophysiological conditions, such as the enhanced permeableness and retention effect and the spatial variations in the pHvalue (Dr. Tianmeng Sun, 2014). Various nanostructures like polymers, silicon and magnetic nanoparticles have been tested as carriers in drug delivery systems. Like polymers it uses this system where drug is coated on to the polymer and is administered form the mouth to react to the tumor cell. Polymer is a biodegradable substance. So it biodegrades as time goes on. It doesnt stay in the body so it causes less damage to the cell cause cell toxicity is reduces. It is the same for nanoparticles it provides its function and then degrades causing no further toxicity to the cells. NPs can be used to safely and reliably deliver hydrophilic drugs, hydrophobic drugs, proteins, vaccines, and other biological macromolecules in the body. They can be specifically designed for targeted drug delivery to the brain, lungs, tumor cells and spleen (Singh, 2011).Methodology Ten experimental rats containing cancerous cells kept under controlled conditionExperimented on different rats with different stages of cancerThe experiment was led under cleanroom because no contaminants enter and contradict the results.Nanoparticle (DOX) containing drug is placed on quintuple ratsOther five rats is undergone chemotherapy and its administered by injectingEvery 24hrs results were recorded for 3 monthsCell toxicity allow be recorded by taking sample of blood from the rat all 48hrsThe test subjects will be monitored for unusual behaviour for any side effects distraint from the nanoparticle injected in to the body or from the chemotherapy4 hrs per chemotherapy was led. The treatment was led every three weeks for 3 months on rats.The lab and the result is checked by three competent authorityAfter t hree months the rats under controlled environs will be checked for possibility of cancerous cell.If the results turned out as plausible, clinical trials is likely to happen.Grant chart Expected outcomes The outcome delivering nanoparticle containing the drug. A tumor marker is substance found in the body tissues that can be elevated only in cancer cells. Oncomarkers is the signature of a cancer cell and modern nanoparticles developed to conjugate to various molecular markers. Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most efficient anti-cancer drug. Thats why nanoscale capsule can deliver DOX only inwardly cancer cells using oncomarker signatures. It consists of a DNA-or origami shell covered by immune factors with molecular binding sites on its surface (Franois Perreault, 2015). Nanoparticle delivery starts form bloodstream. DOX nanoparticles penetrate inside the cancer cell due to cancer markers on its surface. When nanocapsule conjugated with several markers its DNA-origami shell opens releasin g DOX inside the cell. DOX successfully delivered. The cancer cell dies due to DOX direct delivery. So its expected using DOX direct delivery cancerous cell from the rats is eliminates/terminated. DOX delivery will be expected to be faster and time efficient whereas chemotherapy will be slower. DOX delivery is expected to terminate cancerous cells but using chemotherapy it is expected that cancer cells is likely to be back or not all cancer cells are deadBudget Staff salary3 staff 21 per hour, 40 hrs in 2 weeks in a month so 6 weeks(240hr) in 3 monthsPer person 50403 person total 15,120Clean roomClean room 18000 for 3months from February to knock againstTotal= 18000Equipment BudgetMalvern instrument 540Nanosight analyser- 2750Laboratories instrument 600Total= 3890Test Rats10 Test rats 1000 eachTotal= 10000TravelBudget 2000 expire expense for conference meeting in BostonMassachusettsTotal 2000Total budget needed = 49,010Plans for dissemination Once this research is complet ed this will be placed on scientific journal, newspapers, article and social media websites. This research will be approved to do clinical trials on real patients suffering from cancer. Scientific posters will be placed outside science conventions in Ireland and UK. A conference will be held on 27th September for science breakthrough and I will be presenting about my research and how it benefits in the future. Findings of my research will be presented on graphs and on excel to allow community to visualize my research. To spread news around hospitals, research will be published on local newspapers.BibliographyDr. Tianmeng Sun, D. Y. (2014). Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Angewandte Chemie planetary Edition, 1232012364.Franois Perreault, A. F. (2015). Environmental applications of graphene-based nanomaterials. Chemical Society Reviews.Singh, A. M. (2011). Biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent vehicle for site directed in-vivo delivery of drugs and vaccines. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 9-55.Wilczewska AZ, N. K. (2012). Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. 1020-1037.Wim H De Jong, P. J. (2008). Drug delivery and nanoparticles Applications and hazards. Int J Nanomedicine, 133149.

Commentary for leaflet

Commentary for cuspMy nonappointive was jejuneness justice, within this elective I suck in chosen the topic of youth nuisance prevention. The preventative dish up I am communicating to service users in my leaflet is highway-based youth get, this links into venture aspect of the whole family teaching. The audience that my leaflet is aimed at is 13 to 17 year olds who ar socially excluded and are at risk of offending and publishing to crime. My audience are in like manner difficult to reach through other services and agencies. My leaflet is advertising a preventative street based service for junior plenty. The purpose is to draw in untested people and offer them interesting and alternative interactive and challenging options so that they turn away from involvement in crime. This service is an effective way of youth workers building a rapport especially with infantile people who do not use centres and have not been previously reached by other means of youth prevention. Go vernment guidance has apt(p) me insight and understanding into the links mingled with street based youth work with crime prevention. Government guidance, Transforming early days Work Resourcing Excellent Youth Services (2002) has identified that youth work is a key aspect to prevention of crime. The guidance sets out that a contribution of youth service is tackling anti-social behaviour and crime. (pg4). Emphasis is placed on working with young people who whitethorn pose a risk of committing anti-social behaviour.The solid ground I chose this particular focus is that it is a preventative service already offered to young people in hopes of reducing crime, yet it is not as recognised and I feel that it finish be an effective method where harder to reach risk groups can involved. Research was published by Joseph Rowntree make upation on the role of street-based youth work in linking socially excluded young people into education, training and work. Crimmins et al (2004) found that street based youth work had been masteryful in reaching and working with large numbers of the most socially excluded young people (pg 1, Crimmins 2004)The Youth Action Plan was a plan that looks at tackling youth crime. On discussion of prevention, the Youth Action plan recognises focus needs to be given to a smaller minority and to early identification. Part of the prevention is to tackle unemployment, increasing opportunitiesin a much more(prenominal) targeted and individual way (Youth Action Plan, 2008, pg 1) as part of tackling youth crime, street based teams of youth workers result be in place to tackle groups of young people involved in crime and disorder (Youth Action Plan, 2008pg 7) passageway based youth work, promotes development, especially social development. It is designed to be inclusive, empowering and needs led. It can be broken into three burst distinct branches these being mobile, outreach and detached youth work. My leaflet is promoting mobile and detached w ork. In the leaflet my focus is on activities that we provide as a service as well as opportunities that can be followed, for example, training, education, etc. This is to encourage young people to approach our mobile unit and this is where further work would be undertaken. By advertising potential benefits for young people when they work with street based youth workers, like activities, for example, DJing, sports, bowling, is ensuring that hard to reach youths are in any case interested. As a result of this, the content of the leaflet is an explanation of what we do, why we do it and examples of what has been provided in the past. The designs is very contemporary and is designed to attract the eye of a young person so they may find it interesting enough to pick up, this is why I have incorporated bright colours with graffiti direction writing and pictures to grab attention and attract the reader to reading the leaflet. I chose a leaflet designs that folds in 3 times again as a me ans to attract and draw the reader in by the cover. The leaflet is also directing the reader to a group on face withstand and videos on YouTube. These are two known applications that young people use. This was confirmed by the young people I piloted my leaflet to.There are sundry(a) literatures that relate to prevention of youth crimes and risk of number to crime. J Margo (2008) explains three different directs of prevention in offending. The secondary level is relevant to my leaflet. The secondary level is more specific and is aimed at target groups who present risk factors. The approach looks at different stages and looks at those who have offended and those who are likely to offend. Street based youth work is a preventive scheme which targets risk groups in who are hard to reach through other agencies. Risk winning is recognised as part of our development, and to take demonstrable and negative risk is very much part of this human development. Sharland (2006, pg 254) argues there has been evidence that presents the nature and success of the transition to adulthood are much influenced by class, culture, material and social resources. As a result of these influences those less privileged struggle harder, are more exposed to risk and more likely to take it. This is that there are structural disadvantages that lead people to take risks and lack of community resources that can be a factor that leads young people to turn to crime.These disadvantages can be related to lack of parents employment, educational qualifications, poor parenting, etc. These pre-existing factors can have an impact on young people and as a result young people with these structural disadvantages are at a risk of turning to crime.( White and Cuneen (as cited in Youth Crime and Justice) 2006 ) Issues of social exclusion of young people is relevant to why youth crime takes place, this exclusion is linked also to marginalisation and disempowerment. As a result of risk factors discussed, you ng people can be at the risk of being marginalised repayable to their parents status in the community, this being for example, and lack of employment. As a result young people may feel disempowered and as a result turn towards crime. (Youth Justice Board, 2001)To depose me on the leaflet I piloted my completed leaflet to a group of seven teenagers these included family members and friends in the age range of 13 to 17. In doing so, I collected feedback which led me to make adjustments. In the draft, It was reported that the colours used were too bright, there was too much culture and not enough pictures. The nett draft was piloted and positive response was seen. I have also looked to sources from the internet and other similar services to be able to guide my direction with the leaflet.A source that informed my leaflet greatly was information from a street based service that is provided by Derbyshire Youth Service. This guided my understanding of street-based youth work and explor ed the idea of reaching risk groups. Derbyshire Youth service, see street based youth work as having a preventative purpose but recognises young people and encourages them to get involved. The activities that are offered has given me an insight into the content of my leaflet and what activities I could offer.When examining my leaflet in retrospect I found some positive and negative points. The content in my leaflet is very basic and easy to read and understand. This is deliberate, as pointed out when piloted. It is designed this way to ensure that those reading will be able to read the whole leaflet without losing interest and it is also supposed to encourage young people to want to seek further information. However, this could also have a negative impact. The basic information could attract the youngest of my target group but may isolate the eldest, as they may prefer more depth and detail. I have also found that in retrospect the colours and background art used may overload the re ader and may be off putting when trying to read the content. In designing this leaflet, there were issues that had an impact on what was included. Due to the restriction in space, all information could not be fitted in. As a result of restriction, there was not a possibility to aim the leaflet and individual from different diverse backgrounds, this is the reason I attempted to keep the leaflet neutral as possible. Within my target audience, there can various sub audiences identified, for example, class, ethnicity, religion, sexuality, disability and gender. These social groups are also significant when designing a leaflet and each group has issues that need to be addressed and affect a service however due to space constrictions, it was impossible to address these individually. In my leaflet, I was aware of these issues indirectly and kept them in mind when designing the leaflet and content.Overall, I feel that my leaflet will reach my target audience and will attract them to involve ment with street based youth workers.

Losses In Xlpe Insulated Cables Engineering Essay

losings In Xlpe Insulated Cables Engineering Essay indicant businesss, in general downstairsground military force cables lengths form a bulk part of galvanical position remainss network. Accordingly, when medium potential difference XLPE cables were first installed in the late 1960s, cable renderrs and galvanic utilities expected them to perpetrate reliably for 20 to 30 years. However, history has shown that these cables had high percentage of life losings whereby the service life of some of these cables was far nigglinger than expected. some(prenominal) cables failed after except when 10 to 15 years in service. The failure of XLPE cables was happened due to the aging process. Aging of XLPE cables is related to the temperature of the insulation. For XLPE cables, the normal maximum ope military rank temperature is 90 C. At this maximum value, the consumption order of anti-oxidant has been calculated to afford a cable life of 30 years. Increasing the XLPE cables oper ating temperature go awaying increase the rate which the anti-oxidant is used up. Subsequently, it will reduce the service life of XLPE cables. The reaction follows the Arrhenius relationship which is an exponential function. From this, take down a secondary increase in temperature, it will then give significant impact on the aging process of XLPE cables. Once the anti-oxidant in the cables is used up, the cables will start to oxidize and become easily broken. Then, the cables will be subject to stress cracking and galvanising failure at positions of mechanical stress. In extension, the presence of harmoniseds in position system shells a film director to overheat. This overheating process makes the cable to increase in term of temperature to its insulation. then, cable will soften and the mechanical performances will reduce which is called as premature aging. Thus, it is grievous to investigate the presence of sympathetic in any electrical equipment. From this we coul d kat once the temperature due to the overheating process and evaluate the life losses of any associated cables. elude OF CONTENTSCHAPTERTITLEPAGEDECLARATION1ACKNOWLEDGEMENT2ABSTRACT3TABLE OF CONTENTS41INTRODUCTION81.1 Background81.2 Premature Aging due to Harmonic91.3 Development of major power Cables91.3.1 Oil-Impregnated Paper Power Cables101.3.2 Solid-Dielectric-Extruded Power Cables111.3.2.1 Technology of XLPE Cables131.4 Losses in Power Cables151.5 Objectives of Study161.6 Scopes of study172LITERATURE REVIEW182.1. substructure182.2. Power scheme Harmonics182.2.1. Definition of Harmonics192.2.2. Source of Harmonics192.2.3. The Harm of Harmonic202.2.4. Effects of Harmonics on Power System212.2.4.1 Motors and Generators212.2.4.2 Transformers222.2.4.3 Power Cables222.2.4.4 Capacitors232.2.5. Economical Damage due to Harmonic Losses232.3 Underground Power Cables242.3.1 Gas-filled Cable242.3.2 XLPE Cables273EVALUATION OF THE AGING COST DUE TOHARMONIC LOSSES IN XLPE CABLES293.1 Introduction293.1.1 pass sheet303.2 Calculation of Losses313.2.1 Resisburningce of the managing director313.2.2 Skin Effect323.2.3 Proximity Effect333.2.4 Total Power Losses333.2.4.1 Joule Losses343.2.4.2 Dielectric losses343.3 Probabilistic Evaluation of the Economical Damage due to Harmonic Losses353.3.1 Expected Value of the Aging Cost dueto Harmonic Losses353.4 Conclusion394DATA, MODELLING AND ASSUMPTIONS404.1 in validation404.2 Assumptions415RESULTS, ANALYSIS, AND DISCUSSIONS425.1 Results425.2 Discussions456CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS466.1 Expected result466.2 Conclusions476.3 Recommendations47REFERENCES49APPENDICES vermiform appendix A52 addition B58APPENDIX C67APPENDIX D68APPENDIX E69APPENDIX F72APPENDIX G73BackgroundBy means of the discovery of electricity in the primordial 19th Century, all countries in the world nowadays have virtually utilized electricity as a source of light and pushing. This has led to the existence of diffusion- contagious disease line syste m carrying current, even if at different electromotive forces and transporting it over tenacious distances till the end users or customers. For the distribution-transmission line system, engineers had thought critically in finding the able power cables for power system.Mainly, most of the bulk electrical energy generated from the generation centers is being transported to major encumbrance centers within a volumed geographical ara by the transmission systems using overhead lines 1. In the other words, the distribution system delivers the electrical energy from these load centers to customers who atomic number 18 within a smaller geographical area. For safety, reliableness and aesthetics, the electric circuits used to transport energy to such customers are usually underground power cables, though this kind of arrangement is expensive but has to a greater extent advantages than the overhead lines 2. all over the years, high demand of reliable electricity power supply has led th e electricity markets to be highly competitive. Electric avail companies now have to develop means of maintaining, enhance the safety and reliability of their expensive power system components to operate advantageously and meet the demands of their customers.One of power system component that constitutes a bulk part of the distribution and transmission line systems in urban areas is the underground power cable. For instance, in the United Kingdom in that location are about 93000 km of 11 kV cable and more than one hundred thirty00 km of 33 kV 6. In Malaysia with rush of development has led to change magnitude demands of electrical energy. Doing this, underground cable distribution is increasing significantly. It is estimated that there are about 180000 km of underground cables in Malaysia, forming about 80 % of the underground power distribution system. This shows that, the technology of underground power cables has grown up very fast by the clock as the world is moving extreme ly in science and technology.However, lately the presence of harmonic in electrical energy systems is well known 3. The harmonics are due to nonlinear loads such as static converter and can damage the system components 6. In the case of the cables, harmonics can cause relevant additional losses in the conducting and in the insulating materials which cannot be neglected. From the economic point of view, the presence of harmonics can cause economical damage which increasing the operating costs and decreasing the useful life of the system components.The economical damage due to harmonic losses can be defined as the summation of the operating costs and the aging costs. As stated in 13, the operating costs are referred to the costs of the incremental energy losses caused by the harmonic flow in the component, where the term incremental means that these losses are superimposed to the ones at the extreme while the aging costs are referred to the incremental investment costs caused by the premature aging of the components caused by the harmonic pollution.Premature Aging due to HarmonicAging failures have become a major and urgent concern in more utilities since many power system components are approaching the turning point to the end of life. For the case of power cables, the premature aging occurs due to harmonic pollution. The harmonic flow can lead to additional heating in power cables. Subsequently, temperature will rise and premature aging may result.Development of Power Cables 1Power cable technology had its beginnings in the 1880s when the need for power distribution cables became pressing. With urban growth, it became increasingly necessary to replace some of the overhead lines for power transmission and distribution system with underground cables. The illumination of the larger cities proceeded at such a rapid pace that under some circumstances it was impossible to accommodate the flesh and size of feeders required for distribution, using the overhead li ne system approach.In fact this situation deteriorated so notably in New York City that, in addition to the technical and aesthetic considerations, the overhead line system began to pose a safety hazard to the line workers themselves, the firemen, and the public. As a result, the city passed an formula law in 1884 requires removing the overhead line structures and replacing them with underground power cables. Similar laws and public pressure were applied in other cities, with the consequence that by the early 1900s, underground electrification via insulated cables was on its way to becoming a well- launch practice 14.A practical lead press was invented in 1879 and afterward active to manufacture 2kV cables for Vienna in 1885. During the same period, vulcanized rubber was used to produce cables on a commercial scale, although use of gut enterrcha had already been do as early as 1846. Impregnated-paper power cables were first put on the market in 1894 by Callender Cables of Englan d, using impregnant mixtures of rosin oil, rosin and castor oil and only in 1918 were these replaced by mineral oils. In North America, impregnated-paper cables were first supplied by the Norwich Wire guild. Varnished cambric cables were introduced by the General Electric Company in 1902. The behavior of these cables with hightemperature was subsequently improved the addition of black asphalt.Some of the more common early solid and liquid insulating employed in various underground cable installations were indwelling rubber, gutta-percha, oil and wax, rosin and asphalt, jute, hemp, and cotton. In 1890, Ferranti developed the first oil-impregnated-paper power cable. By following their manufacture, his cables were installed in London in 1891 for 10 kV operations. In addition, the cables were made in 20 ft lengths as the total circuit was 30 miles in length about splicing joints were four required. Neverthe slight, these cables per organise so well that the snuff it cable length was removed from service only in 1933. Cable installation continued to proceed at a rapid pace, so that by the turn of the 20th century many major cities throughout the world had many miles of underground power cables. For example, already by the end of 1909, the Commonwealth Edison Company in Chicago had 400 miles of underground cable operated in the voltage range surrounded by 9 to 20 kV. Montreal had some 4500 ft circuits of three-conductor cables installed in ducts under the Lachine canal for 25kV operations the same voltage was used for cable traversing the St. Lawrence River in 1906. With some experiences behind them, cable manufacturers were increasingly gaining confidence and during the St. Louis exposition in 1904 power cables developed for voltages as high as 50 kV were put on display 14.Oil-Impregnated Paper Power Cables 14During the period introductory to World War I, extensive use was made of oilimpregnated paper cables of the three-conductor belted type for voltages up t o 25 kV. Due to non-uniform stress distribution in the cable construction, the belted cable proved to be highly partial set down susceptible when attempts were made to handle the operating voltage range with larger groyne thickness to approximately 35 kV, to meet the increase power demand following World War I 18. This problem was resolved by protect the individual conductors, using 3-mil-thick strapper tapes. The outside of the shielded conductors was thus maintained at the same ground potential. fig 1.3.1 Cross-section of an Oil-impregnated Paper Insulated CableIn addition, the belt insulation was replaced with a binder consisting of fabric tapes and strands of interwoven copper wire. The purpose of the latter was again to maintain the shields of the three cables at the same potential. Over the years, the conductor shapes of the three-conductor shielded paper insulated cables have evolved into three forms, namely circular, oval, and sectoral.In many utilities a substantial po rtion of the present-day distribution load is subdued carried at 35 kV via three-phase oil-impregnated paper belted cables, with the three conductors individually grounded. There is little inducement to replace these cables with solid extruded dielectric cables, whose outer diam for an equivalent power rating would devolve that of the ducts accommodating the more compact threephase oil-paper belted cables. Moreover, the oil-paper belted cables have been characterized by remarkably long in-service lifetimes that often exceed 65 years. Belted cables with unshielded conductors are still deployed but only for working voltages equal to or less than 15 kV.With the individual conductors shielded, it was possible to extend the use of the three-phase belted cables for voltages as high as 69 kV, though on the fairish their application has been confined to voltages below 35 kV. The main intellect for this upper limit has again been associated with the occurrence of partial discharges, whi ch had in numerous instances led to the deterioration and failure of the dielectric at the elevated voltages. The partial discharges were institute to take place in voids, which were formed either during the manufacturing process or during the load cycling while in service.Solid-Dielectric-Extruded Power Cables 1, 14With the discovery of the hydrocarbon thermoplastic polythene (PE) in England in 1933, polyethylene became rapidly, the insulant of choice for RF coaxial cables. PE was first used as an insulant for power cables in the 1950s. In the mid(prenominal) 1960s, conventional PE became the material of choice for the rapidly expanding URD systems in the United States. It was known to be superior to butyl rubber for moisture resistance, and could be readily extruded. It was used with tape shields, which achieved their semi-conducting properties because of carbon black. By 1968, virtually all of the URD installations consisted of polyethylene-insulated medium voltage cables.The po lyethylene was referred to as HMWPE this simply meant that the insulation used had a very high average molecular weight. The higher the molecular weight, the better the electrical properties. The highest molecular weight PE that could be readily extruded was adopted. Jacketed construction was seldom employed at that time. Extruded thermoplastic shields were introduced among 1965 and 1975 leading both to easier processing and better reliability of the cable 19.XLPE was first patented in 1959 for a filled compound and in 1963 for unfilled by Dr. Frank Precopio. It was not widely used because of the tremendous pressure to keep the cost of URD down near the cost of an overhead system. This higher cost was caused by the need for additives (cross linking agents) and the cost of manufacturing based on the need for massive, endless vulcanizing (CV) tubes. EPR was introduced at about the same time. The significantly higher initial cost of these cables slowed their acceptance for utility pu rposes until the 1980s. The superior operating and allowable emergency temperatures of XLPE and EPR made them the choice for feeder cables in commercial and industrial applications. Thesematerials do not melt and flow deal HMWPE.The emergence of power distribution cables insulated with PE have replaced a significant portion of the oil-impregnated-paper insulated power cables used at operating voltages up to 35 kV. alone deject voltage PILC cables are still being manufactured, due to their in-service longevity and reliability. In spite the long record of service and reliability of PILC cables, they are being little by little replaced by the less hygroscopic polymeric insulated cables, XLPE. XLPE cables have distinct advantages which are lighter weight, better electrical and thermal properties, less maintenance, and easier terminating and jointing procedure etc. Today, XLPE cables are being extensively used in many countries all over the world. In 1959, Japan and USA commercialize d XLPE cables up to medium voltage rating. Since then a fast development of XLPE cables has interpreted place. Presently, XLPE cable of 500 kV class has been installed in Japan.The introduction of XLPE has increased the capability of polymeric insulated cables because of their higher temperature ratings. XLPE insulations perform well at elevated temperatures. Their normal operating temperature is about 90 C and designed to withstand an emergency overload and short circuit ratings of 130 C and 250 C, respectively.Technology of XLPE CablesXLPE has become the most favored insulant. Germany, USA, Asian and Scandinavian countries have installed gigantic quantities of such cables. Japan has developed XLPE cables up to 500 kV which is the highest voltage rating of XLPE cables manufactured so far. The basic material for XLPE cable is polyethylene (PE). PE has very good electrical properties. However, its mechanical strength decreases significantly above 75 C restricting its continuous ope rating temperature to 70 C only.The improved thermal characteristics of PE are obtained by establishing a large number of cross-links between its liner molecular chains employing suitable techniques. The introduction of XLPE has increased the capability of polymeric insulated cables because of their higher temperature ratings. The processes for converting PE to XLPE are electron irradiation, chemical cross linking, and organic silane method.electron irradiation is a slow process and it is difficult to ensure an even degree of cross linking throughout the thick insulation required for power cables. Therefore this process is usually restricted to thin insulation of 1 to 2 mm thickness only. Chemical cross linking process is the process by which cross-linking of PE is established using organic peroxide such as dicumyl peroxide (DCP) at high temperature in the range 250 to 350 C and pressure 15-20 kg/cm2. This method is employed in the production of XLPE cables of all voltage range, fro m LV to EHV. Sioplas technique is a relatively new method of cross linking PE into XLPE. Cross linking is achieved by mixing suitable silane to PE and exposing this to ambient conditions. This method has the distinct advantage of lower capital expenditure as no special arrangements to maintain high pressure and temperature are required. But the process is very slow for thick insulation and hence restricted to low voltage and medium voltage XLPE cables.The general construction of XLPE cable consists of copper or aluminium conductor, extruded layer of semi conducting material over conductor (for voltage class above 3.3 kV), extruded XLPE insulation, extruded layer of semi-conducting material (for cables of voltage rating above 3.3 kV), copper wire or tape as metallic screen, armour, inner sheath and outer sheath, usually made of PVC etc. Three bone marrow XLPE cables are generally used up to maximum 33 kV. Cables of 66 kV and above voltage rating are of single core construction.Figur e 1.3.2 Solid dielectric extruded power cable 14The manufacturing process of XLPE cables consists of mixing of PE with cross-linking agent (DCP) and antioxidants, extrusion of semiconducting layers and insulation over the conductor, crosslinking the PE compound in band lines at high temperature and pressure and cooling the core to ambient temperature. All these processes are carried out in one step employing catenaries lines for curing and cooling, hence the name continuous catenaries vulcanization. Semiconducting layers and insulation are extruded using triple extrusion technique.The curing process was initially carried out with steam at high temperature and pressure. This resulted in the formation of microvoids within the insulation and restricted the application of steam curing process up to 33 kV. To achieve reliable HV cables, it was therefore necessary to employ curing in the absence of steam. For this reason, dry curing methods were developed, where PE was crosslinked under n itrogen pressure in silicone oil, in molten salt and also in long dies. The numbers of microvoids were drastically reduced. A new curing process has recently appeared namely silane process which is more economical.Losses in Power CablesLosses in power cables include losses in conductor, insulation, sheath, and screens armors. Conductor losses (I2Rac losses) depend upon the rms current I effective AC resistance of the cable conductor. Dielectric losses comprise of losses due to leakage through the cable insulation and caused by dielectric polarization under AC stresses. It includes the net dielectric losses depend upon cable voltage, its frequency as well as the permittivity and loss tangent of the cable dielectric material, as shown by the equation belowPower loss = CoV2r tan 2 (1)Generally, tan , which partially controls the dielectric losses, is significantlyhigher for oil-paper insulation as compared to XLPE insulation. For most of the dielectric materials used in cables, tan d epends upon temperature, applied stress and supply frequency. For oil-paper insulation tan is also strongly influenced by moisture content. Therefore, in voltage cables, a moisture level of less than 0.05 % is desirable in order keep dielectric losses within acceptable limits. The presence of voids and microcracks can also influence dielectric losses. These voids are formed in the insulation or at the screens/insulation interfaces during manufacture, installation or operation.In polymeric cables, they are formed during the extrusion process while in paper-insulated cables, during the impregnation cycle. Voids may also form in cables by the differential expansion contraction of cable materials due to cyclic loading or short circuit conditions. These voids have a higher electric stress as compared to the bulk insulation. However, the gas inside a void usually has lower crack-up strength as compared to the main insulation. When the electric stress in void exceeds the breakdown streng th of gas within the void, PD occurs.Any partial discharge in such voids increases the effective tan value for insulation. Consequently, when the applied voltage is raised above the charge inception threshold, the dielectric losses exhibit a distinct increase. Similarly, impurities in the cable insulation and screening materials also increase dielectric losses.The AC current flowing along each cable conductor induces emf the metallic sheaths of the cable. Without grounding, such sheaths would operate at a potential above the ground potential and can pose a hazard. Furthermore, it will urge on degradation of the jacket and materials, thereby affecting the cables life and reliability. When the sheaths are bonded, circulating current flows in them causing power losses. However, for three-core cables such losses are negligible. In addition to circulating currents, eddy currents are also induced in sheaths of both single and multi-core cables causing additional losses which usually are of small magnitudes.1.5 Objectives of StudyThis project is conducted to evaluate the expected value of aging cost due to harmonic losses in XLPE cables. Therefore, this project is conducted regarding to these objectivesTo investigate the effects of harmonics losses on XLPE cables fromeconomical point of view.To evaluate the expected value of the aging cost due to harmonics lossesin XLPE insulated cables.1.6 Scope of studyThis study will focus on XLPE insulated cablesThis study will use the characteristics of single core underground cables.The effect of harmonics losses on XLPE cable will be investigatedA program will be developed to evaluate the expected value of aging costdue to harmonic losses.The economical damage due to harmonic losses is quantified by means of the expected values of the operating costs and of the aging costs. For this, it will focus only for the calculation of the expected values of the aging costs.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionWe design power syst ems to function at the fundamental frequency 1. In Malaysia, the fundamental frequency is standardized at 50 Hz. This design is prone to unsatis federal agenty operation. At the same time, failure will happen when subjected to voltages and currents those contain substantial harmonic frequency elements. Frequently, the electrical equipment may seem operate normally. However, when they operate under a certain combination of conditions it might enhance the impact of harmonics which cause results to damage 20.Most people do not realize that harmonics have been around for a long time. Since the first AC generator began to operate more than 100 years ago (Sankaran, C., 1995), electrical power systems have experienced harmonics. When harmonics present in electrical equipment, it can cause the equipment to malfunction and fail to work. In this case proper design and rating are needed to prevent the presence of harmonics.2.2 Power System HarmonicsThe objective of the electric utility is to d eliver curving voltage at fairly continual magnitude throughout their system. In fact, in order to achieve this objective is reasonably complicated because there are loads that exist on the power system that will produce harmonic currents. These currents produced may result in distorted voltages and currents that can give negative impact to the system performance in different ways.As the number of harmonic producing loads has increased over the years, it has become increasingly necessary to address their influence when making any addition or changes to an installation. We should consider two important concepts that have to bear in mind with regard to power system harmonics. The first concept is the nature of harmonic current producing loads (non linear loads) and the second concept is the way in which harmonic currents flow and how the resulting harmonic voltages develop.Ideally, voltage and current waveforms are perfect sinusoids. However, because of the increased popularity of e lectronic and other non-linear loads, these waveforms quite often become distorted. This deviation from a perfect sine wave can be represented by harmonics sinusoidal components having a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. Thus, a pure voltage or current sine wave has no distortion and no harmonics, and a non-sinusoidal wave has distortion and harmonics. To quantify the distortion, the term total harmonic distortion (THD) is used. The term expresses the distortion as a percentage of the fundamental (pure sine) of voltage and current waveforms. In addition, current harmonics can distort the voltage waveform and cause voltage harmonics. Voltage distortion affects not only sensitive electronic loads but also electric motors and capacitor banks.2.2.1 Definition of HarmonicHarmonics are defined as current and voltages at frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency 4. For example, if the fundamental frequency is 50 Hz, then t he second harmonic is 100 Hz, the third is 150 Hz, and etc 5. The presence of harmonics in electrical energy systems is well recognized due to nonlinear loads such as static converters and it can damage the system components 6. These nonlinear loads will splice current in abrupt pulses rather than in a smooth sinusoidal manner. Then, these pulses cause distorted current wave shapes which in turn and cause harmonic currents to flow back into other parts of the power system. In the case of power cables, harmonics can cause relevant additional losses in the conducting and in the insulating materials which cannot be neglected in the cable size 6.2.2.2 Source of harmonicsMost harmonics originate from the generation of harmonic current caused by nonlinear load signatures 4. The major sources of power system harmonics include switching operations, power electronic devices and other nonlinear loads and etc 7. Electronic devices are nonlinear and thus they urinate distorted currents even w hen supplied with a purely sinusoidal voltage. As nonlinear currents flow through a facilitys electrical system and the distribution-transmission lines, additional voltage distortions are produced due to the impedance associated with the electrical network. Thus, as electrical power is generated, distributed, and utilized, voltage and current waveform distortions are produced 8.As the number and ratings of power electronic devices committed to the power systems increase, the harmonic currents injected into power system and the resulting voltage distortions have become a major problem for power quality. This is the current issues that always be taken into account nowadays. Furthermore, the installation of power factor improving capacitors may lead to resonance conditions that amplify specific harmonic currents flowing into transformers and generators. On the other hand, large industrial ac motors may also provide a path for the harmonic currents. These currents can cause overheating problems for the motors, generators, and transformers. Power grid connected electric devices which can generate harmonic currents in the power system include fluorescent light ballast transformers, induction motors, incandescent light dimmers, overexcited transformers, light welding equipment, AC/DC rotary converters, battery chargers, computers, and any type of device that utilizes rectified AC power to drive DC equipment 9.2.2.3 The Harm of HarmonicsHarmonics only mean trouble if the power system is not well designed to handle them. High harmonic neutral currents are a problem only if the neutral is not properly sized. Current harmonics are not a problem to a transformer if it is derated appropriately. Even some voltage distortion below 8 % THD at the point of utilization is acceptable as long as sensitive equipment is not affected. However, it is always important to be aware of the presence of harmonics and to picture to minimize them by purchasing low distortion electronic bal lasts and reactors for PWM ASDs. This will not only keep the harmonics in check and improve the power factor in the facility, but will also save energy by reducing losses on power system components. In addition, any time there is a considerable increase of non-linear loads, it is important to check power system components to prevent problems.2.2.4 Effects of Harmonics on Power SystemHarmonic currents and voltage distortion are becoming the most severe and complex electrical challenge for th